Agriculture is a primary
activity which produces most of the food that we consume besides food grain it
also produces raw material for various industries.
Some agriculture product
like tea, coffee, spice, etc...
Types of farming:
Cultivation method has
changed significantly depending upon the characteristics of physical
environmental, technological know – how and socio – culture practices. Farming
various from subsistence to commercial type. At present in different parts of
India.
Primitive Subsistence Farming:
This type of farming is
still practiced in few pockets of India
1. The help of primitive
tools like hoe dao and digging sticks, and family /community labour.
2. This type of farming
depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other
environmental conditions to the crops grown.
3. It is ‘salsh and
burn’ agriculture.
4. The soil fertility
decreases.
5. The farmers shift and
clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
Intensive Subsistence Farming:
1. This type of farming
is practiced is areas of high population pressure on land .
2. It is labour
intensive farming.
3. The biological inputs
and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production.
4. There is enormous
pressure on agriculture land.
Commercial Farming:
1. This type of farming
is the use of higher doses of modern inputs.
2. The degree of
commercialization of agriculture various from one region to another.
3. A single crop s grown
on a large area.
4. The help of migrant
labourers.
5. The produces is used
as raw material in respective industries.
Cropping Pattern:
1. These are also
reflected in agricultural practices and cropping pattern in the country.
2. India has three
cropping seasons – rabi, kharif and zaid.
3. Rajasthan has also
been an important factor in the growth of the above-mentioned rabi crops.
4. The crops produced
during ‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops.
Major crops:
Major crops grown in
India are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds.
Cotton and jute, etc.,
Non – Food Crops:
Rubber:
1. It is an equatorial
crop, but under special conditions.
2. It requires moist nd
humid climate with rainfall of more than 200cm. and temperature above 25℃
Fibre Crops:
1. Cotton, jute, hemp
and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.
2. Rearing of silkworms
for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.
Cotton:
1. India is belived to
be the original home of the cotton plant.
2. In 2008 India wass
second largest producer of cotton after china.
Jute:
1. It is known as the
golden fibre.
2. It is losing market
to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon.
Technological and Institutional Reforms:
1. The pace of
agricultural development.
2. Agriculture which
provides a livelihood for more than 60 per cent.
3. The government of
India embarked upon introducing agricultural in the 1960s and 1970s
4. The government also
announces minimum support prices remunerative and procurement prices for
important crops.
5. Consolidation of
holdings, cooperation and abolition of zamindari, etc. were given priority to
bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
6. The green revolution
based on the use of package technology and the white revolution (operation
flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve a lot of Indian
agriculture.
7. Land reform was the
main focus of our first five-year plan.
8. Development in few
selected areas. In the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development
programme was initiated, which includes both institutional and technological
reforms.
9. Provision for crop
insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
10. Establishment of
Grameen Banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to
the farmers at lower rates of interest.
11. Kissan credit cards
and personal accident insurance schemes introduced.
12. Special weather
bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on radio and
T.V.
13. The government also
announces minimum support price.
14. Remunerative and
procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by
speculators and middleman.
Contribution of agriculture to the national
economy, employment and output:
1. Gross Domestic
Product has registered a declining trend from 1951 onwards.
2. The population
continues to be as high as 63 per cent in 2001.
3. The government of
India made concerted efforts to modernize agriculture in India.
4. India made concerted
efforts to modernize agriculture Establishment of Indian Council of
Agriculture.
5. The growth rate in
agriculture is decelerating which is an alarming situation.
6. Agriculture backbone
of Indian Economy.
7. Share in the gross
domestic product.
8. Providing employment.
9. Livelihood to the
population.
10. The government of
India made concerted efforts to modernize agriculture.
11. Establishment of
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, agricultural universities.
12. Veterinary services
and animal breeding centers.
13. Horticulture
development.
14. Research and
development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast.
Food Security:
1. The number of people
who do not have food security is disproportionately large in some region of our
country particularly in economically less developed states with the higher
incidence of poverty.
2. The focus of the
policy is on fixing the support price for procurement of wheat and rice to maintain
their stocks. Food Corporation of India.
3. The FCI procures food
grains from the farmers at the government announced minimum support price.
4. The competition for
land between non – agriculture uses such as housing etc.,
5. The farmers are badly
affected by the uncertainties of production and market.
6. The higher the supply
the lower is the demand.
Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture:
1. Globalisation is not
a new phenomenon.It was there at the time of colonisation.
2. Till today it is one
of the important items of export from India.
3. Cotton textile
industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availability of good
quality cotton from India.
4. The Champaran
movement which started in 1917 in Bihar.
5. Under globalisation,
particularly after 1990, the farmer in India have been exposed to new
challenges.
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